Oral Health Support

CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS:

Lactobacillus reuteri

Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases

Abstract

Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) is a well-studied probiotic bacterium that can colonize a large number of mammals. In humans, L. reuteri is found in different body sites, including the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, and breast milk. The abundance of L. reuteri varies among different individuals. Several beneficial effects of L. reuteri have been noted. First, L. reuteri can produce antimicrobial molecules, such as organic acids, ethanol, and reuterin. Due to its antimicrobial activity, L. reuteri is able to inhibit the colonization of pathogenic microbes and remodel the commensal microbiota composition in the host. Second, L. reuteri can benefit the host immune system. For instance, some L. reuteri strains can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while promoting regulatory T cell development and function. Third, bearing the ability to strengthen the intestinal barrier, the colonization of L. reuteri may decrease the microbial translocation from the gut lumen to the tissues. Microbial translocation across the intestinal epithelium has been hypothesized as an initiator of inflammation. Therefore, inflammatory diseases, including those located in the gut as well as in remote tissues, may be ameliorated by increasing the colonization of L. reuteri. Notably, the decrease in the abundance of L. reuteri in humans in the past decades is correlated with an increase in the incidences of inflammatory diseases over the same period of time. Direct supplementation or prebiotic modulation of L. reuteri may be an attractive preventive and/or therapeutic avenue against inflammatory diseases.

Source: Mu Q, Tavella VJ, Luo XM. Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases. Front Microbiol. 2018 Apr 19;9:757.

Oral Microbiota Shift after 12-Week Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289; A Randomized Control Trial

Abstract

Background: Lactobacillus spp. potentially contribute to health by modulating bacterial biofilm formation, but their effects on the overall oral microbiota remain unclear.

Methods and findings: Oral microbiota was characterized via 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA hypervariable region V3-V4 after 12 weeks of daily Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289 consumption. Forty-four adults were assigned to a test group (n = 22) that received lactobacilli lozenges (108 CFU of each strain/lozenge) or a control group that received placebo (n = 22). Presence of L. reuteri was confirmed by cultivation and species specific PCR. Tooth biofilm samples from 16 adults before, during, and after exposure were analyzed by pyrosequencing. A total of 1,310,292 sequences were quality filtered. After removing single reads, 257 species or phylotypes were identified at 98.5% identity in the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla. Streptococcus was the most common genus and the S. oralis/S. mitis/S. mitis bv2/S. infantis group comprised the dominant species. The number of observed species was unaffected by L. reuteri exposure. However, subjects who had consumed L. reuteri were clustered in a principal coordinates analysis relative to scattering at baseline, and multivariate modeling of pyrosequencing microbiota, and culture and PCR detected L. reuteri separated baseline from 12-week samples in test subjects. L. reuteri intake correlated with increased S. oralis/S. mitis/S. mitis bv2/S. infantis group and Campylobacter concisus, Granulicatella adiacens, Bergeyella sp. HOT322, Neisseria subflava, and SR1 [G-1] sp. HOT874 detection and reduced S. mutans, S. anginosus, N. mucosa, Fusobacterium periodicum, F. nucleatum ss vincentii, and Prevotella maculosa detection. This effect had disappeared 1 month after exposure was terminated.

Conclusions: L. reuteri consumption did not affect species richness but induced a shift in the oral microbiota composition. The biological relevance of this remains to be elucidated.

Source: Romani Vestman N, Chen T, Lif Holgerson P, Öhman C, Johansson I. Oral Microbiota Shift after 12-Week Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289; A Randomized Control Trial. PLoS One. 2015 May 6;10(5):e0125812.

Associations between Yogurt Consumption and Weight Gain and Risk of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The role of yogurt consumption in the risk of developing overweight, obesity, or metabolic syndrome has been the subject of epidemiologic studies over the last 10 y. A comprehensive literature search on MEDLINE and ISI Web of Knowledge from 1966 through June 2016 was conducted to examine the relation between yogurt consumption and weight gain, as well as the risk of overweight, obesity, or metabolic syndrome, in prospective cohort studies. Ten articles met all the inclusion criteria and were included in our systematic review. Of the 10 cohort studies, 3 analyzed the relation between yogurt consumption and the risk of overweight or obesity, 8 analyzed changes in waist circumference or weight changes, 3 studied the association with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, and 1 studied the probability of abdominal obesity reversion. Although an inverse association between yogurt consumption and the risk of developing overweight or obesity was not fully consistent or always statistically significant, all studies but one showed in their point estimates inverse associations between yogurt consumption and changes in waist circumference, changes in weight, risk of overweight or obesity, and risk of metabolic syndrome during follow-up, although not all estimates were statistically significant (2 studies). Prospective cohort studies consistently suggested that yogurt consumption may contribute to a reduction in adiposity indexes and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, there is a need for more prospective studies and high-quality randomized clinical trials to confirm this apparent inverse association.

Source: Sayon-Orea C, Martínez-González MA, Ruiz-Canela M, Bes-Rastrollo M. Associations between Yogurt Consumption and Weight Gain and Risk of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2017 Jan 17;8(1):146S-154S.

Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity

Abstract

A recent epidemiological study showed that eating 'fast food' items such as potato chips increased likelihood of obesity, whereas eating yogurt prevented age-associated weight gain in humans. It was demonstrated previously in animal models of obesity that the immune system plays a critical role in this process. Here we examined human subjects and mouse models consuming Westernized 'fast food' diet, and found CD4(+) T helper (Th)17-biased immunity and changes in microbial communities and abdominal fat with obesity after eating the Western chow. In striking contrast, eating probiotic yogurt together with Western chow inhibited age-associated weight gain. We went on to test whether a bacteria found in yogurt may serve to lessen fat pathology by using purified Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 in drinking water. Surprisingly, we discovered that oral L. reuteri therapy alone was sufficient to change the pro-inflammatory immune cell profile and prevent abdominal fat pathology and age-associated weight gain in mice regardless of their baseline diet. These beneficial microbe effects were transferable into naïve recipient animals by purified CD4(+) T cells alone. Specifically, bacterial effects depended upon active immune tolerance by induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin (Il)-10, without significantly changing the gut microbial ecology or reducing ad libitum caloric intake. Our finding that microbial targeting restored CD4(+) T cell balance and yielded significantly leaner animals regardless of their dietary 'fast food' indiscretions suggests population-based approaches for weight management and enhancing public health in industrialized societies.

Source: Poutahidis T, Kleinewietfeld M, Smillie C, Levkovich T, Perrotta A, Bhela S, Varian BJ, Ibrahim YM, Lakritz JR, Kearney SM, Chatzigiagkos A, Hafler DA, Alm EJ, Erdman SE. Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 10;8(7):e68596.

Effects of different Lactobacillus reuteri on inflammatory and fat storage in high-fat diet-induced obesity mice model

Abstract

Lactobacillus reuteri L3 and Lactobacillus reuteri L10 were selected to investigate whether different strains from the same probiotic species, but isolated from different phenotype mice (normal or obese mice), modulated metabolic phenotypes such as obesity. The results indicate that L. reuteri L3 (but not L. reuteri L10) significantly decreased body weight, glucose, insulin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and increased energy expenditure (measured by heat production and ambulatory activity) compared with the high-fat diet group. Moreover, the mRNA levels of Ppar-γ, Acc1, and Fas in adipocytes were significantly suppressed, and the mRNA level of Cyp7a1 in liver was promoted by L. reuteri L3, not by L. reuteri L10. These activities may contribute to significant anti-obesity effects of L. reuteri L3. In addition, bacterial strains of the same species showed different effects on inflammatory and obesity, illustrating the complexity of host-bacterial cross-talk and the importance of investigating specific bacterial strains.

Source: Yi Qiao, Jin Sun, Shufang Xia, Liting Li, Ya Li, Panpan Wang, Yonghui Shi, Guowei Le. Effects of different Lactobacillus reuteri on inflammatory and fat storage in high-fat diet-induced obesity mice model. Journal of Functional Foods (2015): 14: 414-434.

Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria

Abstract

The interaction between Lactobacillus reuteri, a probiotic bacterium, and oral pathogenic bacteria have not been studied adequately. This study examined the effects of L. reuteri on the proliferation of periodontopathic bacteria including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia, and on the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Human-derived L. reuteri strains (KCTC 3594 and KCTC 3678) and rat-derived L. reuteri KCTC 3679 were used. All strains exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the growth of periodontopathic bacteria and the formation of S. mutans biofilms. These antibacterial activities of L. reuteri were attributed to the production of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and a bacteriocin-like compound. Reuterin, an antimicrobial factor, was produced only by L. reuteri KCTC 3594. In addition, L. reuteri inhibited the production of methyl mercaptan by F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. Overall, these results suggest that L. reuteri may be useful as a probiotic agent for improving oral health.

Source: Kang MS, Oh JS, Lee HC, Lim HS, Lee SW, Yang KH, Choi NK, Kim SM. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. J Microbiol. 2011 Apr;49(2):193-9.

Lactobaccilus rhamnosus

Interactions between Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and oral micro-organisms in an in vitro biofilm model

Abstract

Background: Probiotics have shown favourable properties in maintaining oral health. By interacting with oral microbial communities, these species could contribute to healthier microbial equilibrium. This study aimed to investigate in vitro the ability of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) to integrate in oral biofilm and affect its species composition. Five oral strains, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Candida albicans were involved. The group setup included 6 mono-species groups, 3 dual-species groups (L.GG + S. mutans/S. sanguinis/C. albicans), and 4 multi-species groups (4/5 species and 4/5 species + L.GG, 4 species were all the tested strains except S. mutans). Cell suspensions of six strains were pooled according to the group setup. Biofilms were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (HA) discs at 37 °C in anaerobic conditions for 64.5 h. Biofilm medium was added and refreshed at 0, 16.5, and 40.5 h. The pH of spent media was measured. Viable cells of the 16.5 h and 64.5 h biofilms were counted. 64.5 h biofilms were stained and scanned with confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Results: Our results showed that L.GG and S. mutans demonstrated stronger adhesion ability than the other strains to saliva-coated HA discs. L.GG, C. albicans, S. mutans and F. nucleatum, with poor ability to grow in mono-species biofilms demonstrated better abilities of adhesion and reproduction in dual- and/or multi-species biofilms. L.GG slightly suppressed the growth of C. albicans in all groups, markedly weakened the growth of S. sanguinis and F. nucleatum in 4sp + L.GG group, and slightly reduced the adhesion of S. mutans in L.GG+ S. mutans group.

Conclusions: To conclude, in this in vitro model L.GG successfully integrated in all oral biofilms, and reduced the counts of S. sanguinis and C. albicans and lowered the biofilm-forming ability of F. nucleatum, but only slightly reduced the adhesion of S. mutans. C. albicans significantly promoted the growth of L.GG.

Source: Jiang Q, Stamatova I, Kainulainen V, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Interactions between Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and oral micro-organisms in an in vitro biofilm model. BMC Microbiol. 2016 Jul 12;16(1):149.

Effects of a Diet-Based Weight-Reducing Program with Probiotic Supplementation on Satiety Efficiency, Eating Behaviour Traits, and Psychosocial Behaviours in Obese Individuals

Abstract

This study evaluated the impact of probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 (LPR)) on appetite sensations and eating behaviors in the context of a weight-reducing program. Obese men (n = 45) and women (n = 60) participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that included a 12-week weight loss period (Phase 1) based on moderate energy restriction, followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance (Phase 2). During the two phases of the program, each subject consumed two capsules per day of either a placebo or a LPR formulation (10 mg of LPR equivalent to 1.6 108 CFU/capsule, 210 mg of oligofructose, and 90 mg of inulin). The LPR supplementation increased weight loss in women that was associated with a greater increase in the fasting desire to eat (p = 0.03). On the other hand, satiety efficiency (satiety quotient for desire to eat) at lunch increased (p = 0.02), whereas disinhibition (p = 0.05) and hunger (p = 0.02) scores decreased more in the LPR-treated women, when compared with the female control group. Additionally, the LPR female group displayed a more pronounced decrease in food craving (p = 0.05), and a decrease in the Beck Depression Inventory score (p = 0.05) that was significantly different from the change noted in the placebo group (p = 0.02), as well as a higher score in the Body Esteem Scale questionnaire (p = 0.06). In men, significant benefits of LPR on fasting fullness and cognitive restraint were also observed. Taken together, these observations lend support to the hypothesis that the gut-brain axis may impact appetite control and related behaviors in obesity management.

Source: Sanchez M, Darimont C, Panahi S, Drapeau V, Marette A, Taylor VH, Doré J, Tremblay A. Effects of a Diet-Based Weight-Reducing Program with Probiotic Supplementation on Satiety Efficiency, Eating Behaviour Traits, and Psychosocial Behaviours in Obese Individuals. Nutrients. 2017 Mar 15;9(3):284.

Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children

Abstract

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, ATCC (LGG), has shown antagonism to many bacteria including mutans streptococci. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study was designed to examine whether milk containing LGG has an effect on caries and the risk of caries in children when compared with normal milk. 594 children, 1-6 years old, from 18 municipal day-care centres were included. The children received the milk with meals from coded containers 5 days a week in the day-care centres for 7 months. The children's oral health was recorded at baseline and at the end, using WHO criteria. The caries risk was calculated based on clinical and microbiological data, comprising mutans streptococcus levels from dental plaque and saliva. The risk was classified as high if the child had a dmft/DMFT or initial caries score >0, and a mutans streptococcus count > or = 10(5) CFU/ml. The results showed less dental caries in the LGG group and lower mutans streptococcus counts at the end of the study. LGG was found to reduce the risk of caries significantly (OR = 0.56, p = 0.01; controlled for age and gender, OR = 0.51, p = 0.004). The effect was particularly clear in the 3- to 4-year-olds. Thus, milk containing the probiotic LGG bacteria may have beneficial effects on children's dental health.

Source: Näse L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Pönkä A, Poussa T, Korpela R, Meurman JH. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 2001 Nov-Dec;35(6):412-20.

Role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Oral Health of Disabled Individuals

Abstract

Purpose of Review: In recent years, research regarding the effects and mechanism of action of probiotics has been actively conducted. Lactobacillus rhamnosus L8020 is a bacterial strain often detected in healthy individuals with no dental caries or periodontal disease, and its effects have been reported in recent years. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings related to the discovery, effects, and mechanism of action of L. rhamnosus L8020, as well as examine the possibility of its use for maintaining the oral health of individuals with disabilities.

Recent Findings: Recent findings have confirmed that L. rhamnosus L8020 has inhibitory effects on periodontal pathogens in vivo and also improves periodontal disease conditions in the oral cavity of individuals with an intellectual disability. Regarding the bacterial mechanism, an in vivo investigation revealed that an L. rhamnosus L8020 oral isolate may help to maintain mucosal homeostasis by induction of transient epithelial cell activation. Furthermore, the probiotic potential of the bacterial strain was investigated by means of transcriptional profiling analyses using mouse gingival epithelial-like GE1 cells and regulation of immunomodulatory gene expression was noted; thus, induction of transient epithelial cell activation may also aid in maintenance for patients with mucosal homeostasis. Other research findings demonstrated that oral administration of L. rhamnosus L8020 resulted in disappearance of pseudomembranous regions in Candida albicans-infected mice.

Summary: Evidence has been presented suggesting that continuous intake of L. rhamnosus L8020 has inhibitory effects on bacteria that lead to caries and periodontal disease, as well as candidiasis. Furthermore, reduced symptoms related to periodontal disease in intellectually disabled individuals were found after 90 days of continuous intake. In conclusion, L. rhamnosus L8020 may be a useful probiotic organism when included in products that are ingested daily.

Source: Oda, Y., Furutani, C., Mizota, Y. et al. Role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Oral Health of Disabled Individuals. Curr Oral Health Rep 9, 1–6 (2022).

Lactobacillus plantarum

Meta-Analysis: Randomized Trials of Lactobacillus plantarum on Immune Regulation Over the Last Decades

Abstract

Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum strains, belong to lactic acid bacteria group, are considered indispensable probiotics. Here, we performed meta-analysis to evaluate the regulatory effects of L. plantarum on the immunity during clinical trials. This meta-analysis was conducted by searching across four most common literature databases, namely, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed. Clinical trial articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed by Review Manager (version 5.3). p-value < 0.05 of the total effect was considered statistically significant. Finally, total of 677 references were retrieved, among which six references and 18 randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The mean differences observed at 95% confidence interval: interleukin (IL)-4, -0.48 pg/mL (-0.79 to -0.17; p < 0.05); IL-10, 9.88 pg/mL (6.52 to 13.2; p < 0.05); tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, -2.34 pg/mL (-3.5 to -1.19; p < 0.05); interferon (IFN)-γ, -0.99 pg/mL (-1.56 to -0.41; p < 0.05). Therefore, meta-analysis results suggested that L. plantarum could promote host immunity by regulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Source: Zhao W, Peng C, Sakandar HA, Kwok LY, Zhang W. Meta-Analysis: Randomized Trials of Lactobacillus plantarum on Immune Regulation Over the Last Decades. Front Immunol. 2021 Mar 22;12:643420.

Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates NASH-related inflammation by upregulating l-arginine production

Abstract

Lactobacillus is a probiotic with therapeutic potential for several diseases, including liver disease. However, the therapeutic effect of L. plantarum against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. Therefore, we delineated the L. plantarum-mediated NASH regulation in a mouse model to understand its therapeutic effect. We used a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CD-HFD)-induced murine model that recapitulated the critical features of human metabolic syndrome and investigated the effect of L. plantarum on NASH pathogenesis using transcriptomic, metagenomic, and immunohistochemistry analyses. Validation experiments were performed using liver organoids and a murine model fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet. L. plantarum treatment in mice significantly decreased liver inflammation and improved metabolic phenotypes, such as insulin tolerance and the hepatic lipid content, compared with those in the vehicle group. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that L. plantarum treatment significantly downregulated inflammation-related pathways. Shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed that L-arginine biosynthesis-related microbial genes were significantly upregulated in the L. plantarum group. We also confirmed the elevated arginine levels in the serum of the L. plantarum group. We further used liver organoids and mice fed an MCD diet to demonstrate that L-arginine alone was sufficient to alleviate liver inflammation. Our data revealed a novel and counterintuitive therapeutic effect of L. plantarum on alleviating NASH-related liver inflammation by increasing circulating L-arginine.

Source: Kim, D.Y., Park, J.Y. & Gee, H.Y. Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates NASH-related inflammation by upregulating l-arginine production. Exp Mol Med 55, 2332–2345 (2023).

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on Body Fat in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background: We investigated whether Lactobacillus plantarum strain LMT1-48, isolated from Korean fermented foods and newborn feces, is a suitable probiotic supplement to treat overweight subjects.

Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 100 volunteers with a body mass index of 25 to 30 kg/m2 were assigned randomly (1:1) to receive 2×1010 colony forming units of LMT1-48 or to a placebo treatment group. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area were measured by computed tomography scanning. Changes in body fat, VFA, anthropometric parameters, and biomarkers were compared between the two treatment groups (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03759743).

Results: After 12 weeks of treatment, the body weight decreased significantly from 76.6±9.4 to 75.7±9.2 kg in the LMT1-48 group but did not change in the placebo group (P=0.022 between groups). A similar pattern was found in abdominal VFA between the two groups (P=0.041). Serum insulin levels, the corresponding homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and leptin levels decreased in the LMT1-48 group but increased in the placebo group (all P<0.05). Decrease in body weight and body mass index by treatment with LMT1-48 was correlated with increase in Lactobacillus levels significantly. LMT1-48 also increased Oscillibacter levels significantly, which were negatively correlated with triglyceride and alanine transaminase levels.

Conclusion: Administration of LMT1-48 decreased body weight, abdominal VFA, insulin resistance, and leptin levels in these subjects with overweight, suggesting its anti-obesogenic therapeutic potential.

Source: Sohn M, Jung H, Lee WS, Kim TH, Lim S. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on Body Fat in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Metab J. 2023 Jan;47(1):92-103

Lactobacillus brevis

Heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 attenuates visceral fat accumulation induced by high-fat diet in mice

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-adiposity effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 originating from traditional Japanese fermented pickles in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD).

Methods and results: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal-fat diet, HFD or HFD supplemented with heat-killed KB290 for 8 weeks. Epididymal and renal adipose tissue weights, as well as areas of epididymal adipocytes, were significantly lower in the mice fed a HFD supplemented with KB290 than in those fed an unsupplemented HFD. Mice whose diets were supplemented with KB290 had elevated adiponectin and β3-adrenergic receptor expression in epididymal adipose tissue and an accompanying higher serum free fatty acid level. Furthermore, the HFD-induced elevations in serum glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly suppressed by dietary supplementation with KB290. Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that KB290 ingestion altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota.

Conclusions: Heat-killed L. brevis KB290 suppressed diet-induced visceral fat accumulation and ameliorated diet-induced metabolic symptoms and intestinal gut microbiota modifications, suggesting possibility of novel paraprobiotic.

Significance and impact of the study: Heat-killed L. brevis KB290 is useable as a material to develop functional foods that attenuate visceral fat accumulation.

Source: Watanabe J, Hashimoto N, Yin T, Sandagdorj B, Arakawa C, Inoue T, Suzuki S. Heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 attenuates visceral fat accumulation induced by high-fat diet in mice. J Appl Microbiol. 2021 Oct;131(4):1998-2009.

Effect of Lactobacillus brevis CD2 containing lozenges and plaque pH and cariogenic bacteria in diabetic children: a randomised clinical trial

Abstract

Objective: The short-term effect (60 days) of Lactobacillus brevis CD2 lozenges vs placebo on variables related to caries and gingivitis in type 1 diabetic children was evaluated.

Material and methods: Eight diabetics (4–14 years old) were assigned to two groups (n = 34 subjects each), probiotic lozenges and placebo. Stimulated saliva for microbiological analysis and plaque pH were assessed at baseline (t0), 30 days (t1), 60 days (t2) and in the follow-up period (90 days from baseline, t3). Gingival status was assessed at t0, t2 and t3. Two-way ANOVA assessed differences between groups.

Results: In the probiotic group, Streptococcus mutans bacterial density mean scores dropped from 3.11 ± 1.13 at baseline to 1.82 ± 0.72 (t2) and to 2.06 ± 0.56 (t3), while in the placebo group, the scores were 3.09 ± 0.8 (t0), 2.82 ± 0.47 (t2) and 3.11 ± 0.43 (t3) (p < 0.01). Lowest and maximum pH fall increased in the probiotic group, from 5.37 ± 0.41 at baseline to 5.49 ± 0.24 at t3 (p < 0.01) and from 1.20 ± 0.46 to 0.98 ± 0.29 (p = 0.02). Bleeding score decreased significantly in both groups, showing a statistically significant lower bleeding score at t2 in the probiotic group (25.6%, 95% CI 21.5–32.7 vs 29.5%, 95% CI 25.2–34.9, p = 0.02).

Conclusions: Lactobacillus brevis CD2 has shown to improve caries-related risk factors and gingival health in diabetic children.

Source: Lai S, Lingström P, Cagetti MG, Cocco F, Meloni G, Arrica MA, Campus G. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis CD2 containing lozenges and plaque pH and cariogenic bacteria in diabetic children: a randomised clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2021 Jan;25(1):115-123.

Efficacy of the Probiotic L. brevis in Counteracting the Demineralizing Process of the Tooth Enamel Surface: Results from an In Vitro Study

Abstract

Background: Enamel plays an essential role in protecting the underlying layers of the human tooth; therefore, preserving it is vital. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the potential ability of L. brevis to counteract the action of a demineralizing agent on dental enamel morphology and mineral composition in vitro.

Methods: The sample consisted of 12 healthy human posterior teeth. The coronal portion of each tooth was subdivided into two equal parts longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: artificial saliva, L. brevis suspension, demineralizing agent (DA), and DA plus L. brevis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate the surface micromorphology and the mineral content, respectively. The statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test.

Results: SEM analysis did not highlight significant changes in the enamel microstructure of L. brevis-treated specimens compared to the control. DA-induced damage to the enamel structure was drastically reduced when the specimens were contextually exposed to the probiotic. The treatment with DA substantially reduced the weight % of crucial enamel minerals, i.e., Ca and P. Notably, the probiotic was able to reverse the demineralization process, bringing Ca and P weight % back to basal levels, including the Ca/P ratio.

Conclusions: The findings indicate that L. brevis is able to efficiently protect the dental enamel surface from the damage caused by DA and increase the enamel resistance to demineralization. Overall, L. brevis confirms its efficacy in preventing or counteracting the action of carious lesions through a novel mechanism that protects the tooth surface under a chemical challenge that mimics the caries process.

Source: Altamura S, Augello FR, Ortu E, Pietropaoli D, Cinque B, Giannoni M, Lombardi F. Efficacy of the Probiotic L. brevis in Counteracting the Demineralizing Process of the Tooth Enamel Surface: Results from an In Vitro Study. Biomolecules. 2024 May 20;14(5):605.

Pediococcus acidilactici

Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid metabolism disorder in association with the modulation of intestinal microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats

Abstract

Probiotics have been proved to have beneficial effects in improving hyperlipidemia. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the ameliorative effects of Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106, isolated from the traditional brewing of Hongqu rice wine, on lipid metabolism and intestinal microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Results showed that P. acidilactici FZU106 intervention obviously inhibited the abnormal increase of body weight, ameliorated serum and liver biochemical parameters related to lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Histopathological evaluation also showed that P. acidilactici FZU106 could significantly reduce the excessive lipid accumulation in liver caused by HFD-feeding. Furthermore, P. acidilactici FZU106 intervention significantly increased the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in HFD-fed rats, which was closely related to the changes of intestinal microbial composition and metabolism. Intestinal microbiota profiling by high-throughput sequencing demonstrated that P. acidilactici FZU106 intervention evidently increased the proportion of Butyricicoccus, Pediococcus, Rothia, Globicatella and [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group, and decreased the proportion of Corynebacterium_1, Psychrobacter, Oscillospira, Facklamia, Pseudogracilibacillus, Clostridium_innocuum_group, Enteractinococcus and Erysipelothrix in HFD-fed rats. Additionally, P. acidilactici FZU106 significantly regulated the mRNA levels of liver genes (including CD36, CYP7A1, SREBP-1c, BSEP, LDLr and HMGCR) involved in lipid metabolism and bile acid homeostasis. Therefore, these findings support the possibility that P. acidilactici FZU106 has the potential to reduce the disturbance of lipid metabolism by regulating intestinal microflora and liver gene expression profiles.

Source: Zhang Q, Guo WL, Chen GM, Qian M, Han JZ, Lv XC, Chen LJ, Rao PF, Ai LZ, Ni L. Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid metabolism disorder in association with the modulation of intestinal microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats. Curr Res Food Sci. 2022 Apr 27;5:775-788.

Lactoferrin

Metabolic effects of lactoferrin during energy restriction and weight regain in diet-induced obese mice

Abstract

Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein exerting several physiological functions such as antimicrobial activity, modulatory effects on lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory properties. We examined whether LF prevents diet-induced obesity and development of fatty liver formation in C57Bl/6J mice. Lactoferrin (15% of dietary casein replaced by LF) enhanced weight loss and decreased body fat content during energy restriction compared to casein without influencing energy intake. During the ad libitum feeding after weight loss, LF suppressed weight regain and protected against the development of fatty liver formation compared to casein without influencing energy intake or fecal fat excretion. During the weight regain phase LF also improved glucose tolerance, decreased skeletal muscle leptin mRNA expression, and ameliorated adipose tissue inflammation. In conclusion, LF supplementation enhances the outcome of weight loss and subsequent weight regain, ameliorates fatty liver formation, and exerts beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and adipocyte tissue inflammation without interfering energy intake.

Source: Jin Shi, Piet Finckenberg, Essi Martonen, Anu Ahlroos-Lehmus, Taru K. Pilvi, Riitta Korpela, Eero M. Mervaala. Metabolic effects of lactoferrin during energy restriction and weight regain in diet-induced obese mice. Journal of Functional Foods (2012); 4(1):66-78.

Lactoferrin and oral diseases: current status and perspective in periodontitis

Abstract

Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein able to chelate two ferric ions per molecule, is a component of human secretions synthesized by exocrine glands and neutrophils in infection/inflammation sites. Lactoferrin in saliva represents an important defence factor against bacterial injuries including those related to Streptococcus mutans and periodontopathic bacteria through its ability to decrease bacterial growth, biofilm development, iron overload, reactive oxygen formation and inflammatory processes.

A growing body of research suggests that inflammatory periodontal disease involves a failure of resolution pathways to restore tissue homeostasis. There is an important distinction between anti-inflammation and resolution; anti-inflammation is pharmacologic intervention in inflammatory pathways, whereas resolution involves biologic pathways restoring inflammatory homeostasis. An appropriate regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis might be useful in reducing periodontal tissue destruction. Recently, the multi-functional IL-6 is emerging as an important factor able to modulate bone, iron and inflammatory homeostasis.

Here, we report an overview of Lf functions as well as for the first time Lf anti-inflammatory ability against periodontitis in in vitro model and observational clinical study. In in vitro model, represented by gingival fibroblasts infected with Prevotella intermedia, Lf exerted a potent anti-inflammatory activity. In the observational clinical trial performed through bovine Lf (bLf) topically administered to volunteers suffering from periodontitis, bLf decreased cytokines, including IL-6 in crevicular fluid, edema, bleeding, pocket depth, gingival and plaque index, thus improving clinical attachment levels.

Even if other clinical trials are required, these results provide strong evidence for a instead of an therapeutic potential of this multifunctional natural protein.

Source: Berlutti F, Pilloni A, Pietropaoli M, Polimeni A, Valenti P. Lactoferrin and oral diseases: current status and perspective in periodontitis. Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2011 Mar;2(3-4):10-8.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity; whether repletion supports weight loss and changes obesity-related biomarkers is unknown.

Objective: We compared 12 mo of vitamin D3 supplementation with placebo on weight, body composition, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in postmenopausal women in a weight-loss intervention.

Design: A total of 218 overweight/obese women (50-75 y of age) with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≥10 ng/mL but <32 ng/mL were randomly assigned to weight loss + 2000 IU oral vitamin D3/d or weight loss + daily placebo. The weight-loss intervention included a reduced-calorie diet (10% weight loss goal) and 225 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity. Mean 12-mo changes in weight, body composition, serum insulin, CRP, and 25(OH)D were compared between groups (intent-to-treat) by using generalized estimating equations.

Results: A total of 86% of participants completed the 12-mo measurements. The mean (95% CI) change in 25(OH)D was 13.6 (11.6, 15.4) ng/mL in the vitamin D3 arm compared with -1.3 (-2.6, -0.3) ng/mL in the placebo arm (P < 0.0001). Changes in weight [-7.1 (-8.7, -5.7) compared with -7.4 (-8.1, -5.4) kg], body mass index (in kg/m(2): both -2.8), waist circumference [-4.9 (-6.7, -2.9) compared with -4.5 (-5.6, -2.6) cm], percentage body fat [-4.1 (-4.9, -2.9) compared with -3.5 (-4.5, -2.5)], trunk fat [-4.1 (-4.7, -3.0) compared with -3.7 (-4.3, -2.9) kg], insulin [-2.5 (-3.4, -1.7) compared with -2.4 (-3.3, -1.4) μU/mL], and CRP [-0.9 (-1.2, -0.6) compared with -0.79 (-0.9, -0.4) mg/L] [corrected] were similar between groups (all P > 0.05). Compared with women who achieved 25(OH)D <32 ng/mL, women randomly assigned to vitamin D who became replete (ie, 25(OH)D ≥32 ng/mL) lost more weight [-8.8 (-11.1, -6.9) compared with -5.6 (-7.2, -5.0) kg; P = 0.05], waist circumference [-6.6 (-9.3, -4.3) compared with -2.5 (-4.6, -2.0) cm; P = 0.02], and percentage body fat [-4.7 (-6.1, -3.5) compared with -2.6 (-3.9, -2.2); P = 0.04]. Among women with complete pill counts (97% adherence), the mean decrease in CRP was 1.18 mg/mL (46%) in the vitamin D arm compared with 0.46 mg/mL (25%) in the placebo arm (P = 0.03).

Conclusions: Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss did not increase weight loss or associated factors compared with placebo; however, women who became replete experienced greater improvements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01240213.

Source: Mason C, Xiao L, Imayama I, Duggan C, Wang CY, Korde L, McTiernan A. Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 May;99(5):1015-25.

Oral Health Support

CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS:

Lactobacillus reuteri

Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases

Abstract

Oral Microbiota Shift after 12-Week Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289; A Randomized Control Trial

Abstract

Associations between Yogurt Consumption and Weight Gain and Risk of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity

Abstract

Effects of different Lactobacillus reuteri on inflammatory and fat storage in high-fat diet-induced obesity mice model

Abstract

Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria

Abstract

Lactobaccilus rhamnosus

Interactions between Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and oral micro-organisms in an in vitro biofilm model

Abstract

Effects of a Diet-Based Weight-Reducing Program with Probiotic Supplementation on Satiety Efficiency, Eating Behaviour Traits, and Psychosocial Behaviours in Obese Individuals

Abstract

Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children

Abstract

Role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Oral Health of Disabled Individuals

Abstract

Lactobacillus plantarum

Meta-Analysis: Randomized Trials of Lactobacillus plantarum on Immune Regulation Over the Last Decades

Abstract

Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates NASH-related inflammation by upregulating l-arginine production

Abstract

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on Body Fat in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Abstract

Lactobacillus brevis

Heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 attenuates visceral fat accumulation induced by high-fat diet in mice

Abstract

Effect of Lactobacillus brevis CD2 containing lozenges and plaque pH and cariogenic bacteria in diabetic children: a randomised clinical trial

Abstract

Efficacy of the Probiotic L. brevis in Counteracting the Demineralizing Process of the Tooth Enamel Surface: Results from an In Vitro Study

Abstract

Pediococcus acidilactici

Pediococcus acidilactici FZU106 alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid metabolism disorder in association with the modulation of intestinal microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats

Abstract

Lactoferrin

Metabolic effects of lactoferrin during energy restriction and weight regain in diet-induced obese mice

Abstract

Lactoferrin and oral diseases: current status and perspective in periodontitis

Abstract

Vitamin D

Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Abstract

References: